The flag of Portugal consists of two vertical bands: a green band on the hoist side and a larger red band on the fly side. At the center of the flag, where the two bands meet, is the national coat of arms. The green symbolizes hope and the military revolution of 1910, which led to the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic. The red represents the blood shed by those who fought for the country’s independence and the Republic's ideals. The coat of arms is a complex design that features: A shield with five small shields representing the five Moorish kings defeated by Portugal’s first king. The shield is surrounded by seven castles, which symbolize the fortresses that defended Portugal. The emblem also includes the Portuguese national motto, "E pluribus unum," meaning "Out of many, one." The flag was officially adopted in 1911 after the Republican revolution.